Editing Records/Litigation

''Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth so help your black ass?''
--N.W.A.

America is known as a nation of lawsuits, and its predominant influence among the English-speaking world means there is bound to be litigation the evidence record of which has information about the culture of a website at the time of the suit. 

In particular, in Common Law jurisdictions like America as well as other former colonies of Great Britain, ''judicial precedent'' establishes that judges essentially interpret the law (possibly even in new ways) based on prior precedent-making judgements. 

This means that court rulings and documents are of massive importance for future courts to understand and interpret for as long as the US Supreme Court is in operation, demanding great effort in documenting and debating all aspects of a case, in every US court big or small, for future generations to understand. Common Law allows law to be significantly more flexible to any number of situations of human civilization present and future:. However, this allows judges to sometimes be sovereign in how law is interpreted unlike with Civil Laws, which is why retroactive condemnation of prior decisions and political tussling and packing of the US Supreme Court is such a big deal. 

: ''As Supreme Court Justice Neil Gorusch [https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/10/politics/neil-gorsuch-precedent-north-korea-washington-nationals-trump/index.html stated in a lengthy interview with CNN], "It is a raucous republic and the battle of ideas is what our founders had in mind," (What they didn't have in mind,) "was nine old people in Washington sitting in robes telling everybody else how to live." "Do you really want me to rule the country?".''

* [https://law.justia.com/ Justia] has all federal and state appeals court decisions. Usually the losing party in a civil case and the defendant in a criminal case has an Appeal As Of Right, which means the appeals court has to consider it and issue a written opinion that is published. After that each party only has an Appeal At Discretion, meaning the higher court can choose whether to hear the appeal or not. Most opinions will summarize the evidence presented.
* [https://www.courtlistener.com Court Listener] (from the https://free.law project) - A search engine of many key court opinion briefs. Extremely useful. 
* [https://www.uscourts.gov/court-records/find-case-pacer PACER] has electronic court records at 10 cents a page, maximum of $3 per document.
* [https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/ Congressional Record] is a record of the debates of Congressmen. Frequently members will have newspaper articles, poems, and other miscellaneous matter "read into the record", where it will be printed under the "Extensions of Remarks" section.

== Key Examples ==

The most well-known examples are, of course, Moot and Jim Watkins' testimonies under oath, but there are probably many more floating around.

* '''4chan''' - Despite its notoriety, only two major court cases mention 4chan, one in passing but one with a subpeona calling 4chan founder Christopher Poole (Moot) to testify, thereby recording 4chan's existence in court precedent for time immemorial. 
** [https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/621755/united-states-v-kernell/?q=4chan&type=o&order_by=score+desc&stat_Precedential=on United States v. Kernell, 667 F.3d 746 (6th Cir. 2012)] & [https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2469889/united-states-v-kernell/?q=4chan&type=o&order_by=score+desc&stat_Precedential=on United States v. Kernell, 742 F. Supp. 2d 904 (E.D. Tenn. 2010)] - When a 4chan user was arrested for hacking into Vice Presidential Candidate Sarah Palin's Yahoo.com email account, given that the user discussed, leaked to, and was goaded upon by other users of the site, the court deemed it necessary to issue a subpeona to Christopher Poole (Moot) under pain of oath as a witness to describe the website and terminology in full.
** [https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2453109/united-states-v-brahm/?q=4chan&type=o&order_by=score+desc&stat_Precedential=on United States v. Brahm, 520 F. Supp. 2d 619 (D.N.J. 2007)] - 4chan is mentioned in passing as the venue of this truck bomb threat posted by a 4chan user, but no further information in the court opinion is provided other than general information about the internet. It is possible that the user posted it as a hoax in reference to an infamous 2006 Fox News special report on hackers and 4chan, depicting a truck exploding for no reason. Further information may exist in court documents.
* '''8chan'''
** [https://www.scribd.com/embeds/421886442/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&access_key=key-DX2XeMeiQiGvVmdQ3jcp&show_recommendations=true Congressional Subpeona] & [https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/62f5a3_f869c81d6bcb495ebdd137776542fe11.pdf James "Jim" Watkin's Official Testimony] & [https://www.theverge.com/2019/9/5/20850791/8chan-hate-speech-delete-jim-watkins-infinitechan-el-paso-shooting-racist-white-supremacist Article by The Verge] - In its ongoing notoriety after alt-right and incel mass shooters posted their manifestos on the site, N.T. Technologies administrator James "Jim" Watkins (a US Citizen residing in the Philippines) was subpoenaed by Congress to describe the website in full and detail his actions to ban, delete, and regulate such content in the past, present, and future.
* '''USENET''' - One of the first major non-government online networks in the US, USENET has a massive presence in US judicial precedent in establishing guidelines for online litigation. Given that much of USENET is lost (other than some scattered archives at Google Groups) and its scale and influence may not have even been fully understood by users, many of whom still live online today, the detailed descriptions of it provided by primary sources subpeonaed by litigation are immensely important: especially given that a court case eventually dealt USENET the death blow in its reduced role as a centralized warez network.  
** [https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/1678029/arista-records-llc-v-usenet-com-inc/?q=USENET&type=o&order_by=score+desc&stat_Precedential=on  Arista Records LLC v. Usenet. Com, Inc., 633 F. Supp. 2d 124 (S.D.N.Y. 2009)] -
* Reddit - Public information about landmark court cases involving Reddit were not found on CourtListener other than broad references to "Reddit LLC" as a subdivision of Conde Nast, or in passing examples, and some individuals with a last name of "Reddit" (???). It is possible that further information may exist in civil litigation.

== What Historians Can Uncover from Litigation ==

It is said that the Internet never forgets, but websites rise and fall all the time on the internet: server bills go unpaid, untold numbers of startups have been dissolved by investors, and communities splinter, collapse, and may come together again in new forms. While some aspects of websites are archived by scrapers such as the Internet Archive and those run by this very organization, it may not be easily possible to understand the context, and a lot of key information, witnesses, and data that would have been common sense or easily accessible at the time is no longer accessible or well understood far into the future. This means that very little remains of a website may still exist today, much like a company's records are tossed and lost to time if not properly preserved.

This is where litigation: court proceedings and their legal opinions and subpeonas, become crucial documents to historians. For one, background, evidence, subpoenas, and testimonies brought before the court are generally primary or secondary sources, most of all described and recorded under pain of oath. With mandatory subpeonas, the courts thereby gain access to any low or high profile citizen to make discoveries that would otherwise never be told without coercion. While there remains a major motive for defendants, prosecutors, witnesses, or even the court to obscure, obstruct, or frame some evidence, generally it can be assumed that all parties make their best effort to establish known facts of the world: as long as it is deemed relevant to the case, whereas data deemed irrelevant is not recorded. History is what is written, not what is untold.

Another key factor in the usefulness of court proceedings is their appeals to the judge and jury who represent the broader public, who are assumed not to be familiar with most, if any aspects of the case or technologies at all. Therefore, great effort is made by lawyers to subpoena witnesses to describe the background, communities, and facts involved in the case under pain of oath.

: ''For example, both Christopher Poole (Moot of 4chan) and Jim Watkins (N.T. Technologies, current operator of 8chan) were both called upon by the courts or by US Congress in a subpeona to describe the setup, design, and purpose of existence of their websites in full, in such deep detail they would generally not do so to a journalist willingly.''

Lastly, a key factor in the comprehensibility of court proceedings is the foresight of judges in documenting and etching in stone all aspects related to a case that may not necessarily be understood or preserved far into the future, because they know that for the entire existence of the nation or even much farther, these court records might still be read to establish judicial precedent. Therefore, the courts often make great efforts in their opinions and proceedings to describe for all time all technologies, corporate entities, individuals, and cultural contexts involved in the case. 

: ''For example, a complete description of the USENET Network as used in a diminished role for warez and accessed using USENET.com in 2009 is provided in the precedential legal opinion [https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/1678029/arista-records-llc-v-usenet-com-inc/?q=USENET&type=o&order_by=score+desc&stat_Precedential=on Arista Records LLC vs USENET.com], which is incredibly useful to internet historians, as is the exact same court decision that destablized its centralized file sharing structure considerably, just as peer-to-peer filesharing with torrents eclipsed it.''

Publicly accessible litigation documents are not always easy to come by, and usually only the short briefs of precedent making decisions are freely available to the public. Cases obviously tend to be very narrowly focused on a certain topic or conduct, and try to filter out all facts deemed irrelevant: for example, one major case merely mentions 4chan in passing as the forum where the post was made, and provides no further details other than general information about the internet. So in the case of an Internet Historian however, all civil and criminal cases matching the search terms, no matter how mundane or difficult to find, are of value to obtaining snapshots of internet cultures, since the right circumstances for a court to describe an online community in detail occurs out of pure serendipity. Deeper databases exist as paid gatekeepers of information, as well as legal libraries of the jurisdiction involved with physical documents preserved: universities or national libraries may provide better access and documentation.

== Historical Precedent ==

Civilization is built and maintained by laws, and economies by contracts. Laws and contracts also govern most aspects of an individual's life and relationships. In order to make any fair judgements, the context and background of life, relationships, motivations, and geography must be well understood. Certain laws and contracts are history making events, and are often made in response to a past event, with common law verdicts in particular describing its context and justification in detail, archived for all future judges to interpret. Therefore it is no surprise that litigation documents are some of the most detailed records civilization provides about itself, if in context of its offenders.

=== Cuneiform Tablets ===

The Bible tells of many epic legends from the earliest ages of civilization of unknown provenance, that were passed down orally from generation to generation, culture to culture, and place to place until they were finally written down and fixed in time through the Babylonian Talmud by Jewish scholars. The Tower of Babel depicted how in ancient times mankind, in its hubris, came together and built great cities and towers, but were struck down by God who made them all speak different languages and unable to coordinate, thus abandoning the city. In Genesis, God created the Earth and Nature as a paradise, with Adam and Eve as its eternal caretakers. But they were tempted by the Fruit of Knowledge by a serpent, and then cast out by God to suffer the pain of mortality and of hard labor on the land. Their descendants fill the world with sin as God sees it, so God warns Noah to build a giant wooden Ark and bring his family and two of every animal, whereby they then ride out the storm as civilization collapses around them. Noah then lives for a long period with many God-fearing descendants for his heroism.

Perhaps not coincidentally, these legends were inspired by the oral and written tales of the civilization that held these Jewish scribes captive in Mesopotamia. And when British archeologists made it there to discover the truth of the Bible, they found that massive ruins in the desert remained of such towers of lost civilizations, in indecipherable cuneiform tablets. What epic legends must exist in these alien scripts telling of empires almost totally forgotten by all?

However, the decipherers often discovered mere contracts, records, and legal texts in the tablets, a rather anticlimactic result. Yet thinking about it deeper, the preservation of such documents through the ages allowed historians to understand the structure, development, wealth, and people of these past civilizations to a far greater degree than with texts and monuments that would have told readers merely what the writer wanted to say, not what they would have thought common knowledge and mundane. The very development of writing itself made civilization: in law and economy, possible as these tablets showed, for otherwise no contractual agreement or legal judgement could be decided fairly with hearsay, rather than the eternal facts set in stone with multiple copies.

[[File:GIRUGAMESH.jpg|thumb|[https://www.pixiv.net/en/artworks/53198886 GIRUGAMESH]]]

Eventually, prior versions of the legends told in the Bible were eventually discovered, through the Epic of Gilgamesh. The king Gilgamesh rules Uruk with wanton oppression, so to answer the prayers of the people, the gods faced him with the threat of a wild man named Enkidu, who ate and drank alongside the animals and rescued them from hunters. Gilgamesh decides to send the prostitute Shamhat to deal with Enkidu, whereby after a week of copulation and life in the city, Enkidu finds that he has been marked with its stench: for which all the animals flee from him, and he must put his lot with civilization, never to return to his old ways. The two then tussle with each other, but grow to respect each other and go on heroic adventures, until Enkidu eventually weakens and dies of the gods curses, regretting the day he threw his lot in with civilization.

The king Gilgamesh, mourning the loss of his best friend Enkidu, embarks on a quest for immortality in the Mesopotamian Deltas, where he met an immortal man named Utnapishtim. The immortal recounts how the gods grew scornful of mankind that were built to serve them but lazed about and made raucous noises, and plotted to destroy all life on Earth in a great flood. The god Enki/Ea warns Utnapishtim to build a giant wooden ship, *The Preserver of Life*, and bring his family, craftsmen, and baby animals onboard, whereby they then ride out the storm as civilization collapses around them, and gains immortality for his heroism. Gilgamesh persists in asking for the secret of immortality, so Utnapishtim tells him to try to stay awake for an extended period as a trial, but he fails. Gilgamesh persists, so Utnapishtim then tells him to find a plant at the bottom of the sea in the paradise of Dilmun: when he emerges ashore into paradise, a serpent steals the fruit: forcing him to accept his own, and all mankind's fate to face death, never to realize immortality or eternal youth.

=== Piecing together the Silk Road through Palimpsests ===

The Silk Road (describing the ancient trade path, not the cryptocurrency fueled marketplace of the same name) is much like the internet of the past: it had massive influence in the lives of every nation and often every individual involved, yet very little survives of what actually went on in that time period beyond a few legends, records, and archeological artifacts. The region has seen the birth, and dramatic destructions of many rich and cultured civilizations, each steamrolled and reconstructed from ruins leaving only echoes in their surviving peers. This poses a massive memory hole for a historian to comprehend beyond passing mentions in records from surviving competitor cultures, and therefore must enter the realm of archeology.

Valerie Hansen's "The Silk Road" describes how despite all the odds, it was possible to painstakingly reconstruct scraps of litigation documents in multitudes of ancient languages (Classical Chinese, Sanskrit, Sogdian, Persian) embedded in funerary paper clothing used as waste paper (Hansen 1). These "palimpsests" as they are known, record crucial aspects of life from the viewpoint of the judge and jury that never expected them to be read a thousand years later.

* An Iranian merchant aims to recover a debt of 275 bolts of silk owed to his brother, who lent it to a Chinese partner but then disappeared in the desert with two camels, four cattle, and a donkey (Hansen 1). It is unknown if he ever gained redress, but it does tell us that trade of vast scale was done between Iranians and Chinese across treacherous deserts and tough mountains: where merely a few animals, contracts between business partners, and sheer human will brought silk from China to the ends of the earth for customers who likely would pay a very pretty penny for it.
* In wooden slips from Xuanquan (Hansen 17), after traveling across the continent, four Sogdian envoys protest to Chinese officials that they duped them by being paid the price for thin yellow camels despite providing fat white camels, which shows that they knew their market values well enough to detect deception. As envoys with the proper credentials to meet with the Han Dynasty court, the Sogdian envoys expected that all their meals and board at each stop would be paid, but it ended up coming at their own expense. Hansen postulates that since the Sogdians are recorded to have collaborated with their mortal enemy, the Xiongnu (possible ancestors of the Huns), the officials snubbed them by underpaying them on arrival.
* In wooden slips from Xuanquan (Hansen 18), an envoy from the faraway land of "the Great Qin" (described in some historical records as a legendary utopia) arrived in Han China from the western edge of the world, bringing gifts of ivory and rhinoceros horn. Hansen postulates that perhaps this could have been a formal trade mission from the Hellenistic kingdoms or even the Roman Empire: or based on the goods, it could have been a mere Southeast Asian imposter aiming to trade on the credentials of legendary lands. 
* In a particularly poignant contract, it details that a slave girl was sold in a market for 120 silver coins. This does establish the existence of human trafficking through the ages as well as pegging its price, both which would otherwise leave little trace for historians to establish.

[https://books.google.com/books?id=FDdRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3&lpg=PA3&dq=%22lawsuit%22+silk+road+iranian+%22merchant%22&source=bl&ots=6Alixl15LX&sig=ACfU3U0-QGp_6a5U0iKicFmjvyNrVe3iyg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiltJTuifXkAhUEm-AKHT-GAYEQ6AEwAHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22lawsuit%22%20silk%20road%20iranian%20%22merchant%22&f=false The Silk Road, by  Valerie Hansen]
@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 ''Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth so help your black ass?''
--- Amanda Palmer
+--N.W.A.
 America is known as a nation of lawsuits, and its predominant influence among the English-speaking world means there is bound to be litigation the evidence record of which has information about the culture of a website at the time of the suit.
@@ Line 18: / Line 18: @@
 The most well-known examples are, of course, Moot and Jim Watkins' testimonies under oath, but there are probably many more floating around.
-* [[Reno v. ACLU Findings of Fact]]
 * '''4chan''' - Despite its notoriety, only two major court cases mention 4chan, one in passing but one with a subpeona calling 4chan founder Christopher Poole (Moot) to testify, thereby recording 4chan's existence in court precedent for time immemorial.
 ** [https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/621755/united-states-v-kernell/?q=4chan&type=o&order_by=score+desc&stat_Precedential=on United States v. Kernell, 667 F.3d 746 (6th Cir. 2012)] & [https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2469889/united-states-v-kernell/?q=4chan&type=o&order_by=score+desc&stat_Precedential=on United States v. Kernell, 742 F. Supp. 2d 904 (E.D. Tenn. 2010)] - When a 4chan user was arrested for hacking into Vice Presidential Candidate Sarah Palin's Yahoo.com email account, given that the user discussed, leaked to, and was goaded upon by other users of the site, the court deemed it necessary to issue a subpeona to Christopher Poole (Moot) under pain of oath as a witness to describe the website and terminology in full.
 ** [https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2453109/united-states-v-brahm/?q=4chan&type=o&order_by=score+desc&stat_Precedential=on United States v. Brahm, 520 F. Supp. 2d 619 (D.N.J. 2007)] - 4chan is mentioned in passing as the venue of this truck bomb threat posted by a 4chan user, but no further information in the court opinion is provided other than general information about the internet. It is possible that the user posted it as a hoax in reference to an infamous 2006 Fox News special report on hackers and 4chan, depicting a truck exploding for no reason. Further information may exist in court documents.
 * '''8chan'''
-** [https://www.scribd.com/embeds/421886442/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&access_key=key-DX2XeMeiQiGvVmdQ3jcp&show_recommendations=true Congressional Subpoena] & [https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/62f5a3_f869c81d6bcb495ebdd137776542fe11.pdf James "Jim" Watkins' Official Testimony] & [https://www.theverge.com/2019/9/5/20850791/8chan-hate-speech-delete-jim-watkins-infinitechan-el-paso-shooting-racist-white-supremacist Article by The Verge] - In its ongoing notoriety after alt-right and incel mass shooters posted their manifestos on the site, N.T. Technologies administrator James "Jim" Watkins (a US Citizen residing in the Philippines) was subpoenaed by Congress to describe the website in full and detail his actions to ban, delete, and regulate such content in the past, present, and future.
+** [https://www.scribd.com/embeds/421886442/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&access_key=key-DX2XeMeiQiGvVmdQ3jcp&show_recommendations=true Congressional Subpeona] & [https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/62f5a3_f869c81d6bcb495ebdd137776542fe11.pdf James "Jim" Watkin's Official Testimony] & [https://www.theverge.com/2019/9/5/20850791/8chan-hate-speech-delete-jim-watkins-infinitechan-el-paso-shooting-racist-white-supremacist Article by The Verge] - In its ongoing notoriety after alt-right and incel mass shooters posted their manifestos on the site, N.T. Technologies administrator James "Jim" Watkins (a US Citizen residing in the Philippines) was subpoenaed by Congress to describe the website in full and detail his actions to ban, delete, and regulate such content in the past, present, and future.
 * '''USENET''' - One of the first major non-government online networks in the US, USENET has a massive presence in US judicial precedent in establishing guidelines for online litigation. Given that much of USENET is lost (other than some scattered archives at Google Groups) and its scale and influence may not have even been fully understood by users, many of whom still live online today, the detailed descriptions of it provided by primary sources subpeonaed by litigation are immensely important: especially given that a court case eventually dealt USENET the death blow in its reduced role as a centralized warez network.
-** [https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/1678029/arista-records-llc-v-usenet-com-inc/?q=USENET&type=o&order_by=score+desc&stat_Precedential=on  Aristmerican_Dream#Afterword:_Never_Work_a_Day_in_Your_Lifea Records LLC v. Usenet. Com, Inc., 633 F. Supp. 2d 124 (S.D.N.Y. 2009)] -
+** [https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/1678029/arista-records-llc-v-usenet-com-inc/?q=USENET&type=o&order_by=score+desc&stat_Precedential=on  Arista Records LLC v. Usenet. Com, Inc., 633 F. Supp. 2d 124 (S.D.N.Y. 2009)] -
 * Reddit - Public information about landmark court cases involving Reddit were not found on CourtListener other than broad references to "Reddit LLC" as a subdivision of Conde Nast, or in passing examples, and some individuals with a last name of "Reddit" (???). It is possible that further information may exist in civil litigation.
-* Imgur - Imgur is more commonly seen in court proceedings as a witness as it hosts images which is subject to far greater liability than reddit text.
-** [United States v. Morel 2019 DC District Court] - Establishes that "private" imgur albums linked nowhere are not considered private and exempt from unreasonable search and seizure, as it is detectable by google crawlers and by the third party custodian itself as per its terms and conditions: which as a legacy reference still mentions digg at such a late era.
-* Craigslist - Has a relatively large amount of rulings (no more than 646) based on its commercial listings and broad appeal, as well as weird crimes.
-**
-* Tumblr
-** [https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/4484618/jay-dee-burns-v-state/?q=tumblr&search Jay Dee Burns v. State] - Tumblrs weird fetish communities come to light though this is in passing mention of an inappropriate BDSM relationship of a teacher and a high school student. The defendant considered the claims to be a "communist conspiracy".
-* Digg
-** Sinclair v. TubeSockTedD 2009 - A mention of digg as a forum that the comment disparaging the user was posted on, but no further information about the site was recorded.
-* Wikipedia
-** [https://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/us/20100803-wiki-LetterToLarson.pdf Letter to Larson FBI]
 == What Historians Can Uncover from Litigation ==
@@ Line 60: / Line 50: @@
 === Cuneiform Tablets ===
-The Bible tells of many epic legends from the earliest ages of civilization of unknown provenance, that were passed down orally from generation to generation, culture to culture, and place to place until they were finally written down and fixed in time through the Babylonian Talmud by Jewish scholars. In Genesis, God created the Earth and Nature as a paradise, with Adam and Eve as its eternal caretakers. But they were tempted by the Fruit of Knowledge by a serpent, and then cast out by God to suffer the pain of mortality and of hard labor on the land, and their descendants are fated by their act to fill the world with sin as God sees it. The legend of the Tower of Babel depicted how in the age of the ruler Nimrod, who ruled Babel (Babylon), Erech (Uruk), Akkad: Mankind, in its hubris, came together and built great cities and towers, but were struck down by God who made them all speak different languages and unable to coordinate, thus their city was known as Babel (Babylon). Eventually God warns Noah to build a giant wooden Ark and bring his family and two of every animal, whereby they then ride out the storm as civilization collapses around them. Noah then lives for a long period with many God-fearing descendants for his heroism. Greek sources as well as the Romano-Jewish scholar Flavius Josephus also detail legends of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, a lush man-made terraced mountain built by the Babylonians in the desert watered by the two rivers of Mesopotamia.
+The Bible tells of many epic legends from the earliest ages of civilization of unknown provenance, that were passed down orally from generation to generation, culture to culture, and place to place until they were finally written down and fixed in time through the Babylonian Talmud by Jewish scholars. The Tower of Babel depicted how in ancient times mankind, in its hubris, came together and built great cities and towers, but were struck down by God who made them all speak different languages and unable to coordinate, thus abandoning the city. In Genesis, God created the Earth and Nature as a paradise, with Adam and Eve as its eternal caretakers. But they were tempted by the Fruit of Knowledge by a serpent, and then cast out by God to suffer the pain of mortality and of hard labor on the land. Their descendants fill the world with sin as God sees it, so God warns Noah to build a giant wooden Ark and bring his family and two of every animal, whereby they then ride out the storm as civilization collapses around them. Noah then lives for a long period with many God-fearing descendants for his heroism.
-Perhaps not coincidentally, these legends were inspired by the oral and written tales of the civilization that held these Jewish scribes captive in Mesopotamia. And when British archeologists made it to Mesopotamia to discover the truth of the Bible, they found that massive ruins in the desert in and around Babylon remained of such towers of lost civilizations, in indecipherable cuneiform tablets. What epic legends must exist in these alien scripts telling of empires almost totally forgotten by all?
+Perhaps not coincidentally, these legends were inspired by the oral and written tales of the civilization that held these Jewish scribes captive in Mesopotamia. And when British archeologists made it there to discover the truth of the Bible, they found that massive ruins in the desert remained of such towers of lost civilizations, in indecipherable cuneiform tablets. What epic legends must exist in these alien scripts telling of empires almost totally forgotten by all?
 However, the decipherers often discovered mere contracts, records, and legal texts in the tablets, a rather anticlimactic result. Yet thinking about it deeper, the preservation of such documents through the ages allowed historians to understand the structure, development, wealth, and people of these past civilizations to a far greater degree than with texts and monuments that would have told readers merely what the writer wanted to say, not what they would have thought common knowledge and mundane. The very development of writing itself made civilization: in law and economy, possible as these tablets showed, for otherwise no contractual agreement or legal judgement could be decided fairly with hearsay, rather than the eternal facts set in stone with multiple copies.
@@ Line 84: / Line 74: @@
 [https://books.google.com/books?id=FDdRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3&lpg=PA3&dq=%22lawsuit%22+silk+road+iranian+%22merchant%22&source=bl&ots=6Alixl15LX&sig=ACfU3U0-QGp_6a5U0iKicFmjvyNrVe3iyg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiltJTuifXkAhUEm-AKHT-GAYEQ6AEwAHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22lawsuit%22%20silk%20road%20iranian%20%22merchant%22&f=false The Silk Road, by  Valerie Hansen]
-[[Category:Law]]